Engineering application of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment in China: Current state and future prospect

China has been the forerunner of large-scale membrane bioreactor （MBR） application. Since the first large-scale MBR （≥ 10 000 m^3·d^-1） was put into operation in 2006, the engineering implementation of MBR in China has attained tremendous development. This paper outlines the commercial application of MBR since 2006 and provides a variety of engineering statistical data, covering the fields of municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and polluted surface water treatment. The total treatment capacity of MBRs reached 1× 10^6 m^3·d^-1 in 2010, and has currently exceeded 4.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 with -75% of which pertaining to municipal wastewater treatment. The anaerobic/anoxic/aerobie-MBR and its derivative processes have been the most popular in the large-scale municipal application, with the process features and typical ranges of parameters also presented in this paper. For the treatment of various types of industrial wastewater, the configurations of the MBR-based processes are delineated with representative engineering cases. In view of the significance of the cost issue, statistics of capital and operating costs are also provided, including cost structure and energy composition. With continuous stimulation from the environmental stress, political propulsion, and market demand in China, the total treatment capacity is expected to reach 7.5 × 10^6 m^3·d^-1 by 2015 and a further expansion of the market is foreseeable in the next five years. However, MBR application is facing several challenges, such as the relatively high energy consumption. Judging MBR features and seeking suitable application areas should be of importance for the long-term development of this technology.     

多溴联苯醚分布特征及环境风险研究进展

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)作为一种高效、添加型阻燃剂被广泛使用,因其具有蒸汽压低、亲脂性强、污染持久和可生物富集等特点,而成为近年来环境领域研究热点之一。在查阅近年相关文献和分析PBDEs性质的基础上,本文以PBDEs使用-环境分布-生物体内的分布-对生物毒性及机理为线索,重点总结了PBDEs在环境和尤其是在生物体内的分布情况,并分别从神经系统、甲状腺和肝脏等角度阐述了PBDEs产生毒性效应以及致毒机制的最新研究成果。在总结研究成果的基础上,提出了应逐渐重视十溴联苯醚的环境风险、电子垃圾拆解地PBDEs修复、PBDEs代谢过程以及代谢中间物的毒性等建议,以期为PBDEs相关领域研究者提供参考。     

危险化学品事故多米诺效应历史数据研究评述

系统整理分析近十五年来国内外利用历史数据进行危险化学品事故多米诺效应研究的相关文献,介绍该领域研究的主要数据来源、主要研究方法,对主要研究内容进行交叉比对,整理挖掘包括危险化学品多米诺事故场景下的易发物质、高发区域/过程、主要事故致因、高频事故序列、致死概率5项事故内在规律并对规律的运用进行初步探讨。提出在后续研究中可以从改进采样时间区间设计和进行细分事故场景研究作为该领域的完善方向。     

晋江河口沉积物重金属污染历史与来源

为研究沉积物重金属元素的主要来源,分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和冷原子吸收法,测定了晋江河口柱状沉积物中15种重金属元素(Pb、Sr、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、V、Ni、Co、Cs、Sn、Sb和Hg)的质量分数,结合210Pb定年技术,运用Pb、Sr同位素示踪技术及多元统计分析方法(聚类分析法),探讨沉积物中15种重金属元素的垂向分布特征及污染历史. 结果表明:①近300 a来晋江河口受到不同程度的重金属污染. ②柱状沉积物中的Pb主要来自于上游流域的采矿活动(贡献率为47.5%~83.7%)和土壤母质(贡献率为16.3%~52.5%). ③沉积物的87Sr/86Sr为0.716 37~0.719 26,高于人为源(≤0.711 72),说明沉积物中的Sr受人类活动影响较小,主要来源于土壤母质. ④聚类分析结果显示,15种重金属元素可分两大类,Ⅰ类为Sr、Hg、Cr、V、Ni和Cs,以自然源为主;Ⅱ类为Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd、Sb、Sn、Cu和Co,以人为源为主,主要与上游流域的采矿活动有关.      

广西土壤镉含量状况与风险评估研究进展

为阐述广西土壤镉含量现状及其潜在风险,论文通过搜集和分析近20 a来公开发表的关于广西区土壤镉含量的文献,共筛选出目标文献60篇,涉及广西30多个地区,样品7 090个,总结了广西区土壤镉含量分布状况与超标情况,以期为相关研究、环境决策和环境管理提供参考。结果表明：广西区土壤镉含量范围、算术均值、几何均值分别为0.040~244.1、12.23、1.884 mg·kg^-1,不同功能区的土壤镉含量分布存在较大差异,调查区域中背景土壤镉含量平均值为0.153 mg·kg^-1;非矿区农用土壤和城市土壤镉含量的几何均值分别为0.467、0.320 mg·kg^-1;工矿区土壤与矿区农用土壤镉含量的几何均值为7.147、6.643 mg·kg^-1,分别是背景土壤镉含量平均值的46.71、43.42倍,单项污染指数分别为7.15、6.64;农田土壤大部分维持在中等污染水平,南丹、环江、金城江、大新等县区土壤受矿区污染影响较大。基于搜集到的文献资料及未调查的区域,建议对南丹、金城江、刁江、大环江、阳朔等区域采取治理措施,对百色德保县、平果县、田东县、田阳县等铝矿主产区进行重点调查,以及矿区周边的农用土壤进行重点监测。     

基于文献计量与共词分析法的企业安全文化研究述评

为了揭示国内企业安全文化的研究现状,并为后续研究指明方向,采用文献计量分析法、共词分析法对选取的2 474篇文献进行分析并利用NetDraw软件输出关键词知识图谱。结果表明:企业安全文化的文献量与研究内容呈阶段性特征,以2002,2011年为界划分为3个阶段;研究机构众多且主要研究者的研究方向存在差异;研究重点集中在企业安全文化内涵与层次结构、建设与评价实证研究以及与其他变量的关系3个方面;存在研究行业过于集中,安全文化评价方法与现实存在“脱节”等问题。     

The progress and challenges in sustainable forestry development in China

Forestry development in China has undergone a series of reforms over the past six decades. This article examines temporal changes in forest resources and policies, the current status of forestry, and future challenges toward sustainable forest management in China. Excessive logging in the 1950s to 1980s badly damaged the nation’s forests, but the adoption of enlightened forest policies in the late 1990s has led to increases in China’s total forest area and growing stock. Forest degradation was ecologically and economically costly, and rehabilitation processes have become increasingly more expensive. The low quality and young age of forest resources, loss of natural forests, and more difficulties in afforestation and reforestation pose severe challenges for China’s sustainable forestry. It is critically important for China to enhance forest productivity through intensive management, strengthen enforcement, and educational programs for protecting and restoring natural forests, narrow the gap between domestic timber supply and rapidly expanding consumption, improve coordinating networks for management, finance, and technology transfer, and accelerate efforts to clarify and stabilize tenure arrangements for non-state forests. China’s experience and lessons in forestry may be helpful for other developing countries that are seeking to achieve the goal of sustainable forest management.     

焊接面罩的发展历程

焊接面罩是一种焊工防护装备,也是重要焊接辅助工具。本文主要介绍自焊接面罩出现100多年以来,经历了众多的改进,从手持式焊接面罩到头戴式焊接面罩、从黑玻璃焊接面罩到自动变光焊接面罩、从单一功能焊接面罩到多种功能集结的焊接面罩。同时指出,基于材料和技术的进步,焊接面罩不会停止创新的步伐,焊接面罩将在保护焊工、提高焊接质量和效率方面扮演重要角色。     

Econometric modeling of fisheries with complex life histories: Avoiding biological management failures

Economics of the fishery has focused on the wastefulness of common pool resource exploitation. Pure open access fisheries dissipate economic rents and degrade biological stocks. Biologically managed fisheries also dissipate rents but are thought to hold biological stocks at desired levels. We develop and estimate an empirical bioeconomic model of the Gulf of Mexico gag fishery that questions the presumptive success of biological management. Unlike previous bioeconomic life history studies, we provide a way to circumvent calibration problems by embedding our estimation routine directly in the dynamic bioeconomic model. We nest a standard biological management model that accounts for complex life history characteristics of the gag. Biological intuition suggests that a spawning season closure will reduce fishing pressure and increase stocks, and simulations of the biological management model confirm this finding. However, simulations of the empirical bioeconomic model suggest that these intended outcomes of the spawning closure do not materialize. The behavioral response to the closure appears to be so pronounced that it offsets the restriction in allowable fishing days. Our results indicate that failure to account for fishing behavior may play an important role in fishery management failures.     

Factors Associated with Alien Plants Transitioning from Casual, to Naturalized, to Invasive

Abstract:  To explain current plant invasions, or predict future ones, more knowledge on which factors increase the probability of alien species becoming naturalized and subsequently invasive is needed. We created a database of the alien plants in seminatural habitats in Ireland that included data on taxonomy, invasive status, invasion history, distribution, and biological and ecological plant characteristics. We used information from this database to determine the importance of these factors in increasing the ability of species to become naturalized and invasive. More specifically, we used two multiple logistic regressions to identify factors that distinguish naturalized from casual alien plant species and invasive from noninvasive, naturalized alien species. Clonal growth, moisture-indicator value, nitrogen-indicator value, native range, and date of first record affected (in order of decreasing importance) the probability of naturalization. Factors that distinguished invasive from noninvasive species were ornamental introduction, hermaphrodite flowers, pollination mode, being invasive elsewhere, onset of flowering season, moisture-indicator value, native range, and date of first record. Incorporation of phylogenetic information had little influence on the results, suggesting that the capacity of alien species to naturalize and become invasive evolved largely independently in several phylogenetic lineages. Whereas some of the variables were important for both transitions, others were only important for naturalization or for invasion. This emphasizes the importance of studying different stages of the invasion process when looking for mechanisms of becoming a successful invasive plant, instead of simply comparing invasive with noninvasive alien species. Our results also suggest that a combination of species traits and other variables is likely to produce the most accurate prediction of invasions.